Hollywood’s Fractured Logic

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Hollywood’s Fractured Logic

via MasterResource by severley on 12/27/12

One of the most hilarious – if not tragic – events that we as Americans witness is when Hollywood attempts to "inform" the public about energy issues, which often takes the form of fanatical opposition to oil and natural gas development.
During a staged protest against the Keystone XL pipeline this past summer, for example, Daryl Hannah and Margot Kidder were arrested while voicing their disapproval of U.S. infrastructure development. The protest also featured a large, inflatable black tube that was intended to represent the pipeline, although none of the protestors – including Hannah and Kidder – were able to explain the fact that petrochemicals are used to produce both the plastic and the paints used throughout the event.
The reason these events are so laughably absurd is that, in addition to the rank hypocrisy, Hollywood "stars" are attempting to drive the public debate on complex engineering processes, about which they have little to no actual expertise. Instead, the celebrity of their names is leveraged to secure headlines, and the public is left with the impression that there are significant technical concerns – all based on the words and deeds of multi-millionaire actors and actresses.
To be sure, there's nothing wrong with acting or making films. We all love to go to the movies, and then argue at dinner afterwards about which of the previews were the best. And certainly no one is suggesting these individuals don't have a right to protest. But we should all be concerned that the fact-based conclusions of engineers, geologists, and other technical experts can all be wiped away by what's essentially a loudest-voice-wins mentality.
This brings us to the latest Hollywood foray into complex energy issues: the movie Promised Land. Billed as a story about the "American identity" (whatever that means), the film stars Matt Damon (of Good Will Hunting and Jason Bourne fame) and John Krasinski (Jim from "The Office"). Set in rural Pennsylvania, Damon plays a landman for an oil and gas company who is trying to convince the town's residents to lease their land for shale development. Krasinski, however, plays an agitator who raises environmental issues about hydraulic fracturing – which in the real world is a technology that has been safely used for six decades and is tightly regulated by the states.
Recently, Krasinski appeared on the "Late Show with David Letterman" to talk about the film. The interview was going along just fine – a conversation about the awesomeness of Led Zeppelin, general thoughts on how Krasinski's career has really taken off … the typical talk show banter, really. But then they made a sharp left turn to the issue of hydraulic fracturing, and things got completely out of hand. The emblematic moment was when Letterman asked Krasinski if he could ask him "a technical question" about the process. The resulting fact-free discussion about this complex technology – about which neither participant had any real-world knowledge – was nothing short of stunning.
To paint you a picture, below is a rundown of what they said, followed by a brief summation of why their statements do not comport with reality.
Krasinski: Hydraulic fracturing is "drilling into shale deposits rather than oil deposits."

• Hydraulic fracturing is not a drilling technique. When companies want to develop oil and natural gas from shale, and after they have conducted all of the preliminary geologic monitoring and testing, they drill down to what's known as the target formation, which is the geologic area from which they will be producing oil or natural gas. For hydraulic fracturing to occur, however, the drilling equipment must first leave the well pad. Trucks and other equipment enter the well pad after the drilling rig has left, and then the process of hydraulic fracturing can commence. So when Krasinski says of hydraulic fracturing: "basically it's just a long drill," that's factually untrue – on so many levels.

• Secondly, a shale deposit and an oil deposit are not mutually exclusive things. The massive Bakken oil field in North Dakota and large parts of the Eagle Ford shale in south Texas, for example, are oil deposits. Shale and other "tight" reservoirs are the source rock for oil and natural gas, and the fact that the industry can produce from these formations is proof that they are, in fact, oil and natural gas deposits. After all, the oil and natural gas produced from shale formations is no different than the oil and natural gas produced in what some call "conventional" wells – deposits that don't need added stimulation like hydraulic fracturing.

Letterman: "Now let me ask you a technical question. There is the 'deep fracking' that you go deep, and then, and then, horizontal – and then there is the more shallow version of it. … And it's my understanding that the more shallow version of it is the more dangerous – the more …"
Krasinski: "Yes. Because it's releasing gases, um, they're not able to trap it as much, um, it's coming right through the ground."

• Whether the well is shallow or deep, the fracturing process really doesn't change a whole lot. Sure, the volume of pressure and water needed may differ, with deeper wells requiring more and shallower ones less, but the basic mechanics of a fracturing operation don't change based on depth: no matter how you slice it, it's about delivering water, sand and pressure downhole, to create millimeter-sized conduits in rock for hydrocarbons to access the wellbore. Some folks would like you to believe that shale "fracking" is different from conventional stimulation – so that they can convince you that the former is more dangerous than the latter, or maybe the other way around? We don't remember. But it's not.

• Of course, shallow or deep, hydraulic fracturing has been applied more than 1.2 million times since 1947, and there is not a single confirmed case of water contamination. How do we know that? Well, for one, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency – under three separate administrations – has said so. Here's what Lisa Jackson, current EPA administrator, said earlier this year: "In no case have we made a definitive determination that [hydraulic fracturing] has caused chemicals to enter groundwater." That's one heck of a record.

• We're not really sure what Krasinski means when he says "it's releasing gases" and that the industry can't "trap it as much," though – we think he may just be free-styling there. What he may be referring to, however, is the fact that shallow geologic formations often contain deposits of methane. These are also often the same deposits that have naturally entered into water wells, a phenomenon that has been documented for centuries. In many parts of Pennsylvania, for example, methane bubbles to the surface in small rivers and creeks – all due to natural processes. What the industry usually targets for shale development, however, are formations a mile or more below groundwater supplies, and obviously much further from the surface.

Letterman: "And chemicals are used to blow it back out of the shale."
Krasinski: "Correct."
Letterman: "And chemicals which not necessarily need to be identified …"
Krasinski: "Ahhhh, who needs that?"
Letterman: "So. And a provision removed from the EPA Clean Water bill …"
Krasinski: "You've done your homework …"
Letterman: "So these oil companies and go ahead and use whatever they want. And would only have to reveal what was in there if there was a problem."

• If Letterman and Krasinski had done their "homework" and come to these conclusions, let's all hope they're prepared to attend summer school.

• Regarding the claim that the chemicals don't need to be identified, that's not true. States across the country have mandatory disclosure laws on the books, and other states are moving forward with similar such laws, typically with the support of the industry. Many operators, however, already use FracFocus.org, which is an online database of the additives used during hydraulic fracturing. Visitors to that site can search on a well-by-well basis to discover what is and isn't in the specific fracturing fluid used at a particular well site. To date, FracFocus has information on more than 33,000 wells across the country.

• FracFocus has been highly praised, too. For example, here's how President Obama's energy and climate change advisor Heather Zichal described it: "As an administration, we believe that FracFocus is an important tool that provides transparency to the American people."

• Also, the "EPA Clean Water bill" (which is actually the Safe Drinking Water Act) was amended in 2005 to affirm that the strong regulatory regime already in place at the state level – which the current EPA has applauded for doing a "good job" of protecting the environment – should remain the primary means of regulation for hydraulic fracturing. Nothing was "removed" from SDWA, which has been the law of the land for nearly forty years – and, by the way, was never designed to cover hydraulic fracturing.

Letterman: "And that's where we see the stories of … 'er, turn on the water, ma' … whoosh. And you know, the sink explodes."
Krasinski: "Yeah. Gives new meaning to 'fire water.'"

• Flaming water? We can only guess this is coming from that emblematic scene in Gasland where a Weld County, Colo., resident lights his tap water on fire.

• What did that film leave out? Well, Colorado regulators were interested in that incident and decided to investigate. They even released a fact sheet in response to the film. Those same regulators said this particular case "was not related to oil and gas activity," but rather a result of what's known as biogenic methane – that is, methane that occurs naturally in groundwater.

• People who actually live in Pennsylvania – the setting for Promised Land – have also been aware of naturally occurring methane in groundwater for centuries.

Letterman: "But the thing about the film. I know it happens. There are towns in the north and the west where people are divided. Because some towns are in desperate economic need. And some towns want to preserve the culture that they like about their hometown."
Krasinski: "100 percent."

• The great news here is that shale development is not a barrier to towns who want to "preserve the culture that they like about their hometown." In fact, the small businesses that populate Main Street in towns across the country are often some of the biggest beneficiaries of shale development. People who work for the industry need places to eat, apartments to sleep in, and other stores to do their shopping. These workers are also members of the community, and they like to support local businesses just as much as their fellow citizens.

The bigger point here is that the "division" between economic benefits and environmental protection is one that has been invented by opponents of development, and it's a division that Hollywood has all too often attempted to exploit. Yes, there are risks inherent with all forms of energy, and residents have a right to ask questions and demand answers – based in fact – about what the impacts may or may not be in their communities. The industry frequently holds open forums and information sessions in towns across the country to engage in this dialogue and address concerns.
What opponents have done, however, is undermine that good faith discussion by trying to convince landowners that the industry is only looking out for "profits" and will pollute the water, cause earthquakes, and countless other problems. They have lodged baseless accusations designed to secure headlines, and tragically, they have been very successful.
Movies like Promised Land and the broader Hollywood movement to influence energy discussions mean that this false dichotomy between the economy and the environment will be perpetuated. Even worse, it will be driven by those who stand to benefit financially (through increased public exposure) by merely opposing processes and technologies in which they hold no practical expertise.
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A version of this post also appeared on Energy In Depth.

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Hydraulic Fracturing or Fracking: Impact on Energy, Jobs and Economic Growth

Link: http://www.heritage.org/research/reports/2012/08/hydraulic-fracturing-critical-for-energy-production-jobs-and-economic-growth (via shareaholic.com)

Myth #1: Hydraulic fracturing threatens underground water sources and has led to the contamination of drinking water.
Fact: Hydraulic fracturing is subject to both federal and state regulations, and there have been no instances of fracking causing contamination of drinking water.
Groundwater aquifers sit thousands of feet above the level at which fracking takes place, and companies construct wells with steel-surface casings and cement barriers to prevent gas migration. Studies by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), the Groundwater Protection Council, and independent agencies have found no evidence of groundwater contamination.[11] In May 2011, EPA Administrator Lisa Jackson stated before the U.S. House Oversight and Government Reform Committee that "I am not aware of any proven case where the fracking process itself affected water although there are investigations ongoing."[12] Three of those investigations are in Texas, Wyoming, and Pennsylvania, and thus far the EPA has found no evidence of contamination; in the case of Wyoming, however, the EPA published faulty data with speculative and heavily contested conclusions. In all three cases the EPA ignored state regulators' management of the alleged problems.[13] Although previous EPA analysis of hydraulic fracturing found the process to be safe, the EPA now plans to publish a full study on hydraulic fracturing and drinking water that ostensibly demonstrates lack of safety. Analysis of the EPA's "Plan to Study the Potential Impacts of Hydraulic Fracturing on Drinking Water Resources" by the nonprofit technology research and development organization Battelle highlighted a number of concerns, including cherry-picking of data, lack of peer review, poor quality control, and a lack of transparency.[14]
Myth #2: The chemicals used in the fracking process are foreign chemicals that industry hides from the public.
Fact: Fracking fluid, made primarily of sand and water, uses a small percentage of chemicals that have common household applications and are regulated by the state.
The fluid used in hydraulic fracturing is 99.5 percent water and sand. The 0.5 percent of additives (typically between three and 12 different chemicals) depends on the composition of the shale formation that varies by region and by well. The combination of additives function to dissolve minerals, prevent bacteria growth and pipe corrosion, minimize friction, and keep the fractures open or propped up. All chemicals used in the fracking process have common applications from swimming-pool cleaners and laundry detergents to cosmetics, and even ice cream.[15] None of these chemicals is hidden from the public, and federal law stipulates that a company must provide detailed chemical information sheets to emergency personnel in case of an accident. While states that have hydraulic fracturing laws have their own stipulations for chemical disclosure, the U.S. Department of Energy, in collaboration with the Groundwater Protection Council and industry, created the website FracFocus.org. The site provides a full list of chemicals used in the fracking process and companies voluntarily disclose the chemical makeup for specific wells across the country.[16] FracFocus allows users to search wells by operator, state, and county.
Myth #3: Wastewater from hydraulic fracturing is dangerous and unregulated.
Fact: Companies dispose of, and recycle, wastewater using many different methods, all of which are compliant with existing federal and state laws.
Companies typically use around 4 million gallons of water—what a golf course uses in one week—to fracture a well by using water from lakes, rivers, or municipal supplies. Much of that water remains in the ground; about 15 percent to 20 percent of the water returns to the surface by flowing back through the well.[17] The flowback water contains the chemicals used in the fracking process and can also collect other naturally harmful substances in the ground. This water is never used for drinking and the disposal is subject to federal and state regulations. States have different regulations for disposal, and companies employ a variety of methods including temporary storage of wastewater in steel tanks or contained pits. More companies are recycling or reusing the flowback water because it makes both economic and environmental sense. Other disposal methods include storing wastewater underground in injection wells that states regulate individually, and the EPA regulates under the Safe Water Drinking Act.[18] The demand for wastewater disposal and recycling is creating opportunities for new companies with emerging technologies to treat wastewater.[19]
There have been concerns, in Pennsylvania for instance, that treating wastewater at sewage treatment plants that discharge into rivers supplying drinking water would contaminate drinking water with radioactive material. But Pennsylvania's Department of Environmental Protection found levels of radioactivity well within federal and state standards. Norm Zellers, manager of the Sunbury Generation treatment facility in Synder County, Pennsylvania, emphasized that "[y]ou can have more radioactivity on a bunch of bananas in the store or on a granite countertop."[20] Wastewater management is another aspect of the fracking process that has been well regulated by existing federal and state laws, and the increased demand for wastewater treatment has driven the process to be cleaner and cheaper.
Myth #4: Fracking causes earthquakes.
Fact: The fracking process itself does not cause earthquakes; in rare instances, the use of underground injection wells (for storage) has caused earthquakes. Induced seismic activity from many underground energy activities is not a new phenomenon and has been closely monitored by the Department of Energy.
After a series of small earthquakes—ranging from 2.1 to 4.0 on the Richter scale—in Ohio and Arkansas near oil and gas sites, many have raised concerns about future tremors resulting from hydraulic fracturing. But the fracking process itself did not cause these earthquakes. The use of injection wells, an efficient and cost-effective way to dispose of briny wastewater, produced the seismic activity. Instances of seismic activity are rare; out of 30,000 injection wells, there have only been eight events of induced seismic activity—none of which caused significant property damage or injury. Induced seismicity does not occur only from oil and gas extraction. A recent National Research Council study highlights the fact that geothermal activities (capturing and using heat stored in the earth's core) have caused relatively small earthquakes (some felt, some not) at more frequent rates from far fewer projects.[21] The study also warns that continuously injecting carbon dioxide at high pressures (carbon capture and sequestration from coal plants) could induce earthquakes of higher magnitudes.[22]